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                                                             1st Year Important Questions Q Define the Thermo-Chemistry ? The branch of chemistry which deal with the study of heat changes accompanying the physical or chemical reaction is called the thermochemistry. It deals with the amount of heat envolved or absorbed during the chemical reaction. Q Different between spontaneous and no spontaneous reactions. Spontaneous Reaction :                                     The natural irreversible and uni directional process taking place on its without external assistance moving from non equilibrium to equilibrium state Example Water flow from high level to the lower level. .  Non Spontaneous Reaction : The reverse of spontaneous process which does not take place on its own and hot occurring in nature. Example : Pumping of water uphill. Q Differentiate between the exothermic and endothermic reactions.  Exothermic Reaction:                                These are the thermochem

                                                         Important Questions Q Bond Distance Is the Compirising distance between the two atoms. Ans: When two atoms approach each other forces of attractions and repulsion operate simultaneously. When reached at a certain definite distance the forces o attraction are maximum and potential energy of the system is minimum. If they are brought further closer, the repulsive forces begin to increase and increase the potential energy of the system. Since they have a minimum energy at a certain distance called the bond distance at which they compromise with each other  to have the minimum energy and so bond distance is the compromise distance. Q Pi bonds are more diffuse than the sigma bond. Ans: Sidma bond is formed by the head to head overlapping of half filled atomic orbitals and the electronic density is smmetrical around the nuclear axis whereas the pi bond is formed by the side wise overlapping of two half filled atomic orbitals and

                                                        Important Questions Q Why it is necessary to reduce the pressure inside the discharge tube to get cathode rays ? Ans: The conductance of electricity trough discharge tube does not occur at ordinary pressure because the molecules gas inside the tube hinders the movement of electrons between the electrodes therefore the number of molecules inside the tube is reduced by decreasing the pressure to get the cathode rays. Q How positive rays are produced? Ans:  The positive rays are produced when high speed of cathode rays strike the molecules of a gas enclosed in the discharge tube. They knock out electrons from the gas molecules and positive ions are produced which start moving towards the cathode thus giving rise to the positive rays.                            M+ e-         ------------> M + 2e- Q Whichever the gas used in the discharge tube the nature of cathode rays remains the ame why ? Ans: Cathode rays are emitted fr

                                                        Important Questions Q In the hydrogen bonded structure of HF which is stronger bond. The shorter covalent or the longer Hydrogen bond between the different molecules. Ans: Hydrogen bond of HF is shown below                    Shorter covalent bond H___F is stronger than the longer Hydrogen bond F.....,H longer bond. The Covalent bond is twenty times Stronger than the hydrogen. Q In a very cold water fish in garden ponds owe their lives to H-bonding. Ans: When the temperature surroundings falls up to 4 C Degree water on the surface is freezes. During the process of freezing water molecule arrange in hexagonal fashion due to the hydrogen bonding and empty spaces are created. As a result volume of ice increases and density decreases. This layer of ice insulates the water under it for further heat loss which stays at 4 C degree as liquid. Hence fish can survive at this temperature and all this is due to the hydrogen bonding. Q

                                                     Important Questions Q What are the faulty assumption of the K M T ? Ans: According to van der Waal (1873) two postulates of Kinetic Molecular . The gases are faulty which under as                       There is no force of attraction among molecules of a gas                        The actual volume of gas molecules is negligible as compared to the volume of vessel. Q Define the pressure Give Its unis. Ans: The force on a unit area is called pressure             The SI unit for the pressure is Nm-2 or the Paascal. Q Define the partial pressure and how it can be calculated? Ans: The individual pressure exerted by each gas in mixture of non reacting gasses is called Partial pressure.               Let us suppose that we have a mixture of Gas A and B This mixture is enclosed in a container having volume (V). The total pressure is one atm. The number of moles of the gas A and B are nA and nB respectively. If they are maintain

                                                            Important Question Q  How the desiccators are used for drying of crystals ? Ans: A safe and reliable method of drying crystals is trough vaccum desiccators. In this process the crystal are spread over a watch glass and kept in the vaccum desiccators for several hours. Drying Agents: The drying agents used in desiccators are CaCl2 sillica gel or P2O5 Q Why there is needed to crystallize the crude product ? Ans: When a chemical compound is prepared it is not pure rather a crude product. It is therefore purified by process of crystallization using a proper solvent. Q Define the sublimation. Why solid iodine during sublimation is directly converted in to vapours ? Ans: t is the process in which a solid on heating vapourizes directly with out passing trough the liquid state these vapours can be condensed to form solid again. This technique is frequently used to purify the volatile solids. Examples of the volatile solids a

                                           Important Questions Q Law of conservation of mass has to be obeyed during the stoichiometric calculations. Ans: Stoichiometric calculation are base upon the balanced chemical equation so the number of moles of the reactant in equal to the number of moles of product. As the numbers of moles of atoms are equal hence their masses should be equal in reactant and product which is according to the law conservation of masses other wise the calculation are not possible. Q Many Chemical Reactions taking place in our surrounding involve limiting reactant. Ans: Many chemical reactions taking place in our surrounding involves the limiting reactant. If it is not so the reactions will go countinously and would never stop. But due to this limiting reactant the reaction stops after complete consumption of limiting reactant. For Example, when the wood burns it reacts with the oxygen of air which is in excess. But after complete consumption of the wood

                                                     Environmental Chemistry Q What is smog ? Different between the oxidizing and reducing smog. Ans: The word is smog combination of two words : Smoke and fog  The smog containing the high contests of SO3 which is reducing in nature is called the reducing smog while the smog containing the high concentration of oxidizing agents like Ozone is called the Oxidizing Smog. Q Give the conditions for smog formation. Ans: Following are the required conditions for the formation of smog Sufficient amount of NO, Hydrocarbons and volatile org compound emitted by vehicles. Presence of the sunlight to carry out the reactions at rapid rate. Movement of air mass must be little so that reactions are not disturbed. Q Define the environment. Name components of environment. Ans: Environment can be defined as the combination of biotic and abiotic components present at same place interacting with each other. components of environment are

                                                       Sad Poetry                                    Bus ik hsil c ho gy hai zindagi                                      Safer b roz ka hy or jana b kahin nai  Hum tu mar mitenge teri hurmat par                    pak watan tu ne zinda rehna hy qayamat ki sehr hony tak                                                   Use shikwa tha k hum us ko smjh na saky                                                      Or humain yeah man tha k hum janty faqt usi ko thy  Mujhy jaya haq hy kisi ko matalbi kahon                    Iqbal Main tu khud apny rb ko museebton mein yad karta hn                                                                                                   tum sy kitni muhabbat hai bata nai sakty                                                                      meri zindagi mein tmhari ahmiut kitni hy bata nai sakty                                                                   Meri

                                                    Important Questions  Q1 Define the manure ? Ans Manure can be defined as the organic material used to fertilize the land usually consisting of the faeces and urine of domestic animals. Q2 What are the fertilizers ? Why they are needed ? Ans Fertilizers are the chemical substances added to the soil make up the deficiency of essential elements like N,K,P required for the proper growth of plants. Fertilizers are needed to enhance natural fertility of land or soil & replenish the chemical elements taken up previous plants. Q3 Different between the micro and macro nutrients ? Ans Micro nutrients: These are nutrients which are required in very small quantities for the proper growth of plants e.g B,Cu,Mn,Zn Mo & Cl. They are generally required in the range of 6 to 200 grams per acre. Macro nutrients : These are nutrients which are required in very large quantities for the proper growth of plants e.g N,P,K,Ca,Mg,S,C,H &

                                                             Important Questions Q1 Define carboxylic acids. give their Classification. Ans The organic compounds containing the carboxyl group as a functionality are called carboxylic acid. the group is itself combination of carbonyl group (>C=O) and hydroxyl group (OH) Carboxylic acid may be aliphatic or aromatic depending upon whether -COOH group is attached with an alkyl or aryl group.                Aliphatic Carboxylic acid R-COOH                 CH3COOH  Acetic acid              Aromatic Carboxylic acid     Ar-COOH             C6H5COOH Benzoic acid Q2 What are fatty acids ? Give their examples  Ans The aliphatic monocarboxylic acids are called the fatty acids because they higher members of this series such as Palmitic acid ( C15H31COCOH)Stearic acid are obtained by the hydrolysis of fats and oils. Q3 Discuss the reactivity of Carboxyl group. Also write down the reactions of carboxylic acids. Ans : The caboxylic

                                         Moral Story One there was a crow. He felt  very thirsty on a hot summer day. He flew here and there in search of water, but could not find it any where. the Burning rays of the sun had dried every pool and pond. His throat was parched with heat and knew that he would die if could not find water for some more time. He was not disappointed and continued his search. At last his effort bore fruit and he caught sight of a pitcher in a garden. He flew up to is and peeped inside; but he was sad to see that the pitcher was half full of water and his beak could not reach it. For sometime,he felt confused. Then all of a sudden, a very practical idea flashed across his mind. He again started flying in search of something to drop in the water of the pitcher to raise its level. in the nearby field he pound some pebbles on a mound. He took one pebble in his beak, flew back to the pitcher ans dropped in it. He continued his practice of throwing the pebbles

                                                Chap 7+8+9+10+11+12 Q1 How vital force theory was described By F. Wholer ? Q2 Differentiate between the vital force and vital force theory ? Q3 Define catenation ? Q4 Define the homologous series. Give Examples ? Q5 Define the organic compound with Examples ? Q6 Which organic compound was first of all prepared in the laboratory ? Q7 What is meant by Carbonization of coal ? Q8 What is petroleum ? Give its origin ? Q9 What are various types of coal ? Q10 Define the Faractional Distillation and give the composition of different faractions ? Q11 Define the cracking of petroleun with suitable Example. Q12 Octane number of Gasoline is improved by reforming. Explain ? Q13 Summarize the reforming with the help of suitable Example ? Q14 Explain thermal cracking . Write formulas of any two compounds obtained by this phenomenon ? Q15 What is meant knocking petroleum ? Q16 Define Octane number how it can improved. Q17 Discuss the th

                                                      Important Questions Q1 Give the general properties of transition elements. Ans: Because of a smaller electronic configuration m the d-block elements resemble one another in their physical and chemical properties. Some of the points of their resemblance are given below.       They are all metal in true sense. Some of which play important role in industry like Tr,Cr,Mn, Fe W etc.      They are hard and strong metals with high melting point and boiling point. They are good conductor of electricity and heat.      They forms alloy with one another and with other elements. They show variable oxidation state. Their ions ans compounds are colourd in solid state as well as in solution from at least in one if not all the oxidation state. Q2 What are chelates ? Give examples. Ans: When the polydetale ligand surrounds the central metal atom or ion cyclic coordination complex ion is produced called chelates .  Q3 What is

                                                   Moral Story Once an old farmer lived in a village. He struggled hard in life and made some fortune. He had three sons who were young and healthy. but there was one problem. His sons always quarreled among themselves. He advised them a lot but to no avail. He was always worried about them. This made him suffer from a very fatal disease and he took to his bed. His death was sure. His sons to came see him. An idea to get them united flashed across his mind. He asked his sons to bring some woods from the jungle. They obeyed and the sticks were brought.The old man ordered the eldest son tie them  into a bundle. Then he asked his sons try to try to break the bundle one by one. The sons accepted the challenge.The youngest came forwarded and tried to break the bundle but failed. The elder son also tried but failed  he could not break it. At last the elder applied his full force to break it;but he also failed.           At this he ordered t

                                                    Moral Story Once upon a time, a hare lived in a jungle. He was very proud of his fast speed and agility. A tortoise also lived there near by the pool. Both became very close friends. But some times the hare teased him and made fun of his slow speed. The tortoise bore all his this very patiently. One,day when the hare laughed him, he took it ill and challenged him to run a race. The hare felt it very strange and laughed very heartily. Anyway, he accepted the challenge. The top of a distant hill was fixed as destination. On the appointed day, both the parties reached at the starting point in the morning, and the race started. The hare, being sure of his easy victory, started bouncing and was soon out of sight. The tortoise also started creeping slowly. When the hare had covered half of the distance, he saw a shady tree, and decided to take some rest. Soon he fell asleep.         At noon, the tortoise reached that tree and found

                                 Important Questions   Q1 Why flourine act as a strong oxidizing agent ? Ans: The oxidizing power of halogen depends upon the dissocation energy electron effinity hydration energy of the atoms. Oxidizing power of flourine is higher because of its dissocation energy higher electron affinity and higher hydration energy. Due to these properties the hydration act as strong oxidizing agent. Q2 What are the disporportionation ractions ? Ans: A reaction in which same species udergo the oxidation the reduction process is called the disporpotionation reaction of self-oxidation reduction process. As chlorine reacts with NaOH  is cold state producing  NaCl  and NaClO. The oxidation state of Cl changes from zero to -1 and zero to +1 respectively therefore it is disporportination reaction.  2NaOH+Cl2--------> NaCl+NaClO+H2O Q3 Give important uses of helium and argon.? Ans:Helium is used in treatment of asthma, filling the weather balloons produci

                                   Important Question  Q1 Give the uses of  H2SO4 Ans:  It is used in manufacturing of fertilizers like (NH4)2SO4 Calcium superphosphate              In the refining of petroleum to remove nitrogen and Super compounds.                  In the manufacture of HCl HPO4 HNO3 and sulphate.               As dehydrating agent               In textile iron steel leather and paper industries Q2 Give reaction of PCl3 with Alcohol and carboxylic acid. Ans: PCl3+ 3CH3OH----------> 3CH3Cl+ H3PO3          PCl3+ 3CH3COOH----------> 3CH3COCl+H3PO3 Q3 Give two reactions for the preparation of phosphorus acid Ans: It prepared by dissolving phosphorus Trioxide  in cold water            P2O3+3H2O--------> 2H3PO3            Its obtained by hydrolysis of phosphorus trichloride PCl3+3H2O--------> H3PO3+ 3HCl Q4 Give the name of four elements that do not react with HNO3 Ans:  HNO3 do not react with Gold, Platinum iridium and titanium Q5 

                                      A Slave And a Lion   Once there was a slave. He was very hardworking and kindhearted; but his master was very cruel. He made him work day and night; but gave gave him very little to eat. Moreover, he abused and tortured him. They slave could not bear such a life. He started thinking of running away. One day he found a fit opportunity and slipped away, in the darkness of the night, to the nearby jungle. He found a lonely cave and went into it. As he was tired, he was soon asleep.                                                           A lion also find out its way to that cave. The slave got up and was frightened to see the big lion  so close to him. He was about to run away when he was caught sight of the swollen paw of the lion. The lion was moaning with pain. Actually, a thorn had run into its paw. The slave was a kind fellow. He made up his mind to help the lion and took the risk. He went near the lion and took out the thorn from its paw. Th

                                      An Honest Woodcutter Once is woodcutter lived in a village. Though he was poor, yet he was very happy and contented. He believed in earning his livelihood trough honest means. He used to cut wood from the nearby jungle and sell the same in the town. One day he was cutting the branches of tree at the bank of a river. Suddenly, his axe slipped from his hands fell in to the river and was lost. It was his only tool livelihood. He felt very sad. His eyes full of tears. An angel in the shape of man appeared and asked what had happened. He told his sad story. The angel took pity on him  and dived in to the river and brought out a shining axe made of a pure gold. He refused to accept it saying that it was not his. The angel again went down in to the water and took out an axe made of silver. He again refused to take it and told the angel his axe made of silver. The angel dived in to the water third time and came out with an iron axe in his hand. When the

                                              Introduction Smae For All Stories                                            Introduction Since the very advent of civilization morality occupies  supreme worth. The  reason is that it lays the foundation for good human culture. All religions propagates morality. All seen sages and scholars have taught morality in their serinons. Moral stories teach us lessons.                    

                                     Important Questions  Q1 Borate glazes are preferred over the silicate glazes. Ans: The borate glazes are preferred over the silicate glazes because the borate glasses are more fusible and possess higher cofficient of enpansion than the borate glass. Q2 What is vitreous sillica ?  Give two uses. Ans: When the crystline sillica is heated at suffciently high temrature it melts to give the visous liquid having randon sutructure which on cooling does not readily crystllize and become rigid without having undergone the orientation into regular crystal pattern is is called viterous sillica. Q3 Four uses of  Sodium Sillicate. Ans:  It is used as filler for soap in soap industry          It is use in textile as fire proof          It is used as furniture polish          It is used in colico printing   Q4 Give reaction of Al with nitric acid. Ans:  Aluminium does not react with any concentration of NHO3, probably beacause of formation of